Quadrato lapide: Ancient Architectural Terms in Dalmatian Renaissance Latin¶
Neven Jovanović
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
RSA Chicago, March 21, 2024
Address of this page: http://croala.ffzg.unizg.hr/eklogai/quadrato-rsa-2024/
This paper is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (GA n. 865863 ERC-AdriArchCult)
The research question¶
How do Renaissance authors writing in Latin use words connected with architecture?
Croatiae auctores Latini: the collection¶
Latin texts connected with Croatia, written 976–1984.
First published in 2009.
The latest release: 559 documents, 5.8 million words.
Search for architectural terms in CroALa¶
Initially approached from a modern word list: Michael Binns, Latin, Italian and English Glossary, PompeiiinPictures, 2007―2015 ("started life many years ago as various reference lists for my students of Latin and of Roman archaeology, architecture, and life").
Latin architectural terms absent from CroALa¶
Absent: bisellium, caryatis, columbarium, furnax, metopa, natatio, peripteron, stylobates, tablinum, thermopolium, triglyphus
Not used in architectural sense: ambulatio, cenatio (verbal nouns); euripus, fauces (geographical terms)
Occurring only after 1600: apodyterium (Čobarnić 1835); hypocaustum (Škrlec 1790); pergula (Krčelić 1750); pinacotheca (Crijević 1740); propylaea (several authors after 1690); sphaeristerium (Čobarnić 1835); tepidarium (Čobarnić 1835); telamon (Barić 1792)
Some passages rich in architectural terms¶
- Filippo Diversi describes Dubrovnik (Situs aedificiorum, politiae et laudabilium consuetudinum inclitae civitatis Ragusii, 1440)
- Koriolan Cipiko describes cities and ancient ruins in the Aegean and Ionian Sea (Petri Mocenici imperatoris gestorum libri tres 1477)
- Marko Marulić describes Diocletian's palace in Split (in prose, In epigrammata priscorum commentarius, 1503–1510) and the royal palace of the Biblical king David (in verse, Dauidias Book 8, 1510-1517)
- Vinko Pribojević describes the city of Hvar on the eponymous island (Oratio de origine successibusque Slauorum, 1525 / 1532)
- Bartul Đurđević (De afflictione, tam captivorum quam etiam sub Turcae tributo viventium Christianorum, 1545) and Antun Vrančić (Iter Buda Hadrianopolim, 1553) describe Ottoman architecture
Wikidata as a fine-grained lexicographical framework¶
Wikidata (launched in 2012) is a digital encyclopaedic collection of information about (potentially) everything that exists, had existed, or has been thought. It collects known facts about things and beings, ideas and events, and also about words (lexicographical data). In Wikidata the information is structured; its data has been organized and is stored in a standard and unambiguous way – contrary to a printed encyclopaedia, or to a free-text digital resource such as Wikipedia.
Wikidata: Lexicographical data
Using Wikidata to describe polysemy: turritus¶
Wikidata: L286952
CroALa (31 occurrence): Turritasque turrita turrito turritas turritaque Turritamque turritis turritam turritae turriti
Turritus 1: set or fortified with towers¶
URL: adamus-hymni-domnii.xml/TEI[1]/text[1]/body[1]/div[3]/div[12]/lg[1]/l[2]
(1) Adam Parižanin (1059): Exaltent alii saxa minacia / Turrita, et Spalati moenia nobilis
Let the others praise the overhanging turrita stones and the noble walls of Split
URL: filelfo-g-m-ragusaeis-1470.xml/TEI[1]/text[1]/body[1]/div[1]/div[2]/l[74]
(2) Filelfo, Giovanni Mario (1470): Turritasque urbes: nec sunt sua iura nec arces
(how many heroes have founded the vast) and turritas cities; (but they have not made safe) their rights or their citadels
URL: sisgor-g-de-situ.xml/TEI[1]/text[1]/body[1]/div[1]/div[12]/p[5]
(3) Marulić, Marko (1510–1517): Turritas circum structuras urbis Abellę
(They besiege) the turritas buildings of the city of Abila
(4) Beneša, Damjan (1534–1539): Cinctaque turritis non desunt oppida muris
and there are many fortified towns girded with turritis walls
Turritus 2: tower-crowned, turreted¶
URL: sisgor-g-de-situ.xml/TEI[1]/text[1]/body[1]/div[1]/div[12]/p[5]
(5) Šižgorić, Juraj (1487, on the island of Zlarin): Aurea insula deinde faucibus portus Sibenici adiacens, saxeis collibus turrita
Then there is the Golden Island, near to the mouth of the harbor of Šibenik, turrita with stony hills
URL: andreis-f-sylla.xml/TEI[1]/text[1]/body[1]/div[1]/sp[117]/p[1]
(6) Franjo Trankvil Andreis (1527): admirati turritas naues
admiring the turritas ships
(7) Bunić, Jakov (1526): Turritas quibus alta ferunt cita carbasa puppes
(the lands) towards which the high swift sails bring the turritas sterns
(8) Crijević Tuberon, Ludovik (after 1522): additis quinquaginta uarii generis turritis nauibus
having added the fifty turritis ships of different types
(9) Crijević Tuberon, Ludovik (after 1522): illas circiter duodecim turritas naueis, cum quatuor triremibus
these approximately twelve turritas ships, with four triremes
(10) Crijević Tuberon, Ludovik (after 1522): locatis ad fauces portus, in quo substiterat, omnibus onerariis ac turritis nauibus
having positioned at the mouth of the port, in which he remained, all cargo and turritis ships
(11) Skalić, Pavao (1569, a satire): Videres id, mora nisi accidisset, Paridem pulchre turritis illis insidentem aedibus.
You would have seen, it there was not a pause, how Paris nicely sat in that turritis house
Turritus 3: (figuratively) tower-shaped, towering, high, lofty¶
URL: crijev-i-epidauro.xml/TEI[1]/text[1]/body[1]/div[1]/l[226]
(12) Crijević, Ilija (1506): Turritamque senem niuei uexere iugales
(the swans), snow-white, were pulling (a cart with) the old and turritam (deity Epidaurus)
URL: bunic-j-vgc.xml/TEI[1]/text[1]/body[1]/div[3]/div[3]/l[32]
(13) Bunić, Jakov (1526): Sedula responso? Marie turrita recumbit
(the biblical Mary, sister of Martha) turrita lies down
URL: bunic-j-vgc.xml/TEI[1]/text[1]/body[1]/div[10]/div[1]/l[7]
(14) Bunić, Jakov (1526): Tu quoque Syri decus uenias, turrita uirago
You too come, Mary (sister of Martha), the pride of Syria, turrita heroine
Architectural terms frequently used in CroALa: columna¶
Columna, Wikidata L265215
CroALa (333 occurrences): colunas columna columnam columnas columnis columnarum columnę columnae columnasque
Columna 1: structural element sustaining the weight of a building¶
(15) Toma Arhiđakon (ante 1268): uir quidam, Seuerus nomine, cuius domus fuerat iuxta colunas palatii supra mare.
a man by the name of Seuerus, whose house was near the colunas (columnas) of the palace, by the sea
(16) Pavlović, Pavao (1371–1408): procedendo usque logiam magnam Iadrae et usque ad secundam columnam ipsius logiae
moving on all the way to the large loggia of Zadar and all the way to the second columna of that loggia
(17) Ciriaco d'Ancona (1440; Ancona): Vidisti praeterea nostrae huiusce praeclare civitatis ornamenta alia quam plura, sed inter potiora antiqua atque nobilia undique ex cocto latere moenia, maritimum fronte litus, tresque ripales et aereas arces; portas deinde regias, turres innumeras et praecelsas, nec non sacra superis speciosa ornatissimaque delubra; alta quoque magistratum praetoria, civiumque palatia et conspicuas aedes; marmoreos itaque arcus et gestarum rerum trophea; scaenas, columnas, statuarumque fragmenta; bases et epigrammata; quin et harenarum ingentia vetustissimaque numidicae architecturae loca pereminentia urbis amphiteatra, magnum inditium splendoris primaevae tam praeclarae civitatis familiae et verendissimae antiquitatis.
Besides, you have seen the embellishments of our beautiful city; there are many of them, but particularly important are the ancient and noble walls, built from all sides of bricks, the sea-front, three heaven-high citadels on the shore; the royal gates, the countless and soaring towers, as well as the beautiful and adorned temples dedicated to divinities; there are also high residences of city magistrates, the palaces and distinguished houses of the citizens; also the marble arches and trophies of victories; the stages, columnas, and the remains of sculptures; the column-bases and the inscriptions; the grand and immensely ancient amphitheater with the arena, a place of Numidic (?) architecture towering above the city, the large sign of earlier magnificence of the city so glorious, of an age so venerable.
(18) Cipiko, Koriolan (1477; Delos): Imperator imposita in naues omni praeda ad Delon insulam uenit. Haec olim ob insigne Apollinis templum et sacrorum cerimonias conuentibus uniuersae Graeciae celebrata fuit, nunc deserta ac inhabitata est. Extant tamen templi et amphitheatri uestigia albi marmoris, columnarum quoque ac signorum maximus numerus, colossus etiam cubitorum quindecim, cum hac inscriptione: Νάξος Ἀπόλλωνι. Sunt et cisternae multae mirae magnitudinis, etiam nunc aquarum plenae.
The general ordered to put all the booty on ships and sailed to the island of Delos. The island was earlier famous for its large temple of Apollo, for its festivities in which all Greece took part; now it is deserted and uninhabited. There still can be seen remains of the temple and of the amphitheater, built of white marble, and a great number of columnarum and of sculptures; also a colossus of fifteen cubits with the inscription Νάξος Ἀπόλλωνι. There are also cisterns of amazing size, still full of water.
(19) Andreis, Franjo Trankvil (1527; Sulla speaks about suffering of tyrants): in agris aediculas et holerum in ocio tranquillissimo cibum longe praestare tessellatis pauimentis et incrustatis marmore parietibus aureisque tectis, quae sexcentis columnis innituntur
small huts in the fields and vegetable as food, taken in peaceful leisure, is far better than floors adorned with mosaic, than walls incrusted with marble, than roofs of gold held up by hundreds of columnis
Columna 2: object resembling a pillar¶
(20) Pavlović, Pavao (1371–1408): apparuerunt in Iadra signa mirabilia in coelo, videlicet apparuit quidam splendor magnus, quasi columna nubis, igne accensa
At Zadar, wonderful signs appeared in the sky: a certain great brightness, like a columna of cloud, kindled with fire
Columna 3: (figuratively) support¶
(21) Jan Panonije (1447–1472, "De morte Andreolae, Nicolai V. pontificis Romani et Philippi cardinalis Bononiensis matris"): Salve magna parens, sublimem enixa columnam
Hail, great mother, you who gave birth to a high columnam
(22) Marulić, Marko (1499): Basilius etiam episcopus uere columna ignis (ut cuidam uisum fuit) calore ęstuans charitatis
And bishop Basil, the true columna of fire (as somebody thought), burning with the heat of love
(23) Marulić, Marko (1499): Hunc Paulus et Cepham et Ioannem, ueluti reliquorum pręsides, columnas uocat
Paul calls James, Cephas and John columnas, because they are the leaders of the rest (of apostles)
(24) Marulić, Marko (1499; cf. 2 Chronicles 3–4, on the Temple of Jerusalem): Hęc est ergo columna Iachin et columna Booz, id est, firmitatis et fortitudinis, quę epistylia liliorum malogranatorumque sustentant.
So this is the columna Iachin and columna Booz, that is, of strength and of courage, which support the architrave of lilies and of pomegranates.
Architectural terms rarely used in CroALa: sipunculus¶
Siphunculus (siponculus, siphunculus), Wikidata L1066878 "a little pipe"
CroALa (1): sipunculis
(25) Božićević Natalis, Frano (after 1524; Split): Quę quidem Spalatum nuncupatur, Dalmatarum urbium ciuitas antiquissima, a Salonarum ruderibus per tria millia passuum semmota. Palatium olym Dyocliciani imperatoris summę deliciae, Dalmaticarum gentium, insularum ac urbium (ut Plinio placuit) emporium celeberrimum, quod ex altissimis moenibus, antiquissimis templis, innumeris uariis praeciosissimisque columnis, subterraneis testudinibus, concameratis criptis, pontibus in uallium concauitate ad caelum errectis, xistis, theatris et plumbeis sipunculis sub terram diductis, usque in hanc diem dilucide perspicere licet. Quibus quidem sipunculis et subterraneis meatibus Iader, Salonarum fluuius amoenissimus, a quo Iadera et Iadrenses (ut nonnullis placet) cognominati, non sine et miro artificio et immensis sumptibus deuectus Spaletum incurrebat, quo palatium tanto imperatore non indignum, in littore maris Adriatici, per aetatem et secessum praeclarius, magis pateret, splendesceret, celebraretur.
The city is called Spalatum, and it is the most ancient of the Dalmatian cities, three miles distant from the ruins of Salona. It was once the palace of the great emperor Diocletian, his supreme delight, and the most famous emporium of the Dalmatian nations, islands, and cities (as Pliny thought); it was embellished with the highest walls, the most ancient temples, with innumerable various and most precious columns, with the subterranean vaults, the vaulted crypts, with bridges raised from the hollows of the valleys all the way to the sky, with gardens, theaters and the lead sipunculis, laid under the ground, which we can still see clearly today. By these sipunculis and by the subterranean channels the Iader, Salona's most pleasant river, which gave its name to Iadera and the Iadrenses (as some think), was carried with wonderful skill and immense expense into Spaletum, so that the palace worthy of the great emperor, on the coast of the Adriatic sea, glorious for its age and the emperor's retirement, would be even better known, more resplendent, more celebrated.
Cf. Perotti, Niccolò, Cornu copiae (first edition 1489): Exigua fistula ex aere siue marmore aut alia materia ex qua aqua exilit e fonte, et propter signa quae fieri in ea solent, persona aliquando uocatur, proprie sipunculus dicitur. Plynius: Aqua uelut expressa cubantium pondere sipunculis effluit, cauato lapide suscipitur, gracili marmore continetur.
A small pipe made of bronze, or of marble, or of some other material, from which water issues as from a spring, and because of the figures with which it is usually adorned, is sometimes called a persona, but it is properly called sipunculus. Pliny says: jets of water flow from the couch through sipuncolis and look as if they were forced out by the weight of persons reclining thereon, and the water is caught in a stone cistern and then retained in a graceful marble basin.
Unexpected architectural terms in CroALa: architectus "vault, apse"¶
Architectus, Wikidata L258823
CroALa (42): architectorum architecto architectis architecti architectos architecta architectum architectus
In Filippo Diversi's description of Dubrovnik (1440) architectus regularly means vault:
(26) Diversis de Quartigianis, Philippus (1440): universa est architectis pulcherrimis et altis ornata. Nam navis architecti magni et alti usque ad velamen ecclesiae videntur.
(the church) is embellished with beautiful and high architectis. The architecti of the nave are large and high as the covering of the church.
(27) Diversis de Quartigianis, Philippus (1440): Super hac capella structi sunt alii et superiores architecti usque fere ad operturam inferiorem templi.
Over that chapel the other, even higher architecti are built, almost to the lower covering of the church
(28) Diversis de Quartigianis, Philippus (1440): est cisterna et aqua fontis architectis delectabilibus fundatis super claustro inferiori in cuius medio crescunt olera in quodam ortulo, ubi sunt lauri et aranciorum arbores. (...) Conventus vero sancti Dominici orto carens neque ornatum aut amplum cubicularium habet, nec architectos, nec illi aequam sacristiam nec chorum illi comparandum, nec simile altare maius, quamvis pulchrum existat, nec tantam aquae abundantiam.
there is a cistern and a fountain, with delightful architectis raised from the lower part of claustrum, in the middle of which vegetables grow in a kind of small garden, where there are laurel and orange trees. (...) But the convent of St. Dominic lacks the garden, an ornated or large chamber, architectos, or a sacristy of equal beauty, or a comparable choir, or a similar greater altar, although there is a beautiful one, or such an abundance of water.
(29) Diversis de Quartigianis, Philippus (1440): Muri fiunt lapidibus vivis egregie laboratis, et sculptis ornatissimi, cum architectis magnis fundatis super columnis altis et grossis, quae ex Curcula per mare vectae fuerunt.
The walls are made of excellently worked living stone, and they are very ornately carved, with great architectis resting on high and thick columns, which were brought by sea from Korčula.
But for Ciriaco d'Ancona, in Dubrovnik in 1438, architectus means 'architect', in a public inscription honoring Onofrio de la Cava:
Ciriaco d'Ancona, Inscriptio Onofrii Ragusae
Posuerunt Onofrio, Iordani filio, Onosiphoro, Parthenopeo, egregio nostri temporis architecto, municipes
The citizens put up this for Onofrius, son of Jordanus, Onosiphorus, of Parthenope, the outstanding architect of our age
Renaissance parallels for architectus = vault, Rome 1466–1470¶
Cf. Müntz, Eugène. 1878. Les arts à la cour des papes pendant le XVe et le XVIe siècle; recueil de documents inédits tirés des archives et des bibliothèques romaines, Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome; Fasc. 4, 9, 28 (Paris: E. Thorin; archive.org ark:/13960/t2z36ps79)
1466-05-21: Magistro Materno Antonii de Vedano (?) muratori florenos auri d. c. 47 et bon. 9 pro ejus salario et mercede 29 passuum muri per eum suis sumptibus et expensis facti de voluntate nostra ac mandato smi d. nostri papae nobis facto ad rationem 18 carlenorum currentium pro quolibet passu in reparatione arcitecti Titi Vespesiani (sic) apud sanctam Mariam novam de Urbe.
1468: Pro manifactura cujusdam insignii seu armorum sanctissimi domini nostri papae positis [sic] in supercelio cujusdam architecti carcerum ejusdem turris florenos similes 2.
1469: pro portatura certae quantitatis terratii et pro explanando certum architectum antiquum.
1469-03-10: Magistro Petro de Albino scarpellino et ejus sociis scarpellinis flor. auri d. c. 67 et bon. 68 pro eorum salario 257 1/2 brachiorum sedilium per eos factorum circumcirca jardinum in superioribus architectis eiusdem jardini ad rationem 19 bon. pro quolibet brachio.
1470-01-26: in reparari faciendo architectum Butii Eptimii
Unexpected architectural terms in CroALa: opus cuvarum¶
CroALa: cuvarum
(30) Juraj Dalmatinac (1443; Šibenik cathedral): Hoc opus cuvarum fecit magister Georgius Mathei Dalmaticus.
This vault structure was built by the master Georgius, son of Matheus, Dalmatian
Cf. Italian cuba cupola, volta (TLIO c. 1360)
Renaissance Latin parallels for cuva 'vault, apse' in Eastern Adriatic archival documents¶
1442-08-01, Rijeka: Quam cuuam debet ligare cum muro
1444-10-18, Zadar: ipsi ecclesie facere cuuam quadram longam pedibus octo, et campanille ab una canpana
1452-11-04, Rab: Item prefatus magister Georgius promisit et obligavit se facere unam sacristiam ad cuvam ecclesie Sancti Bernardini fiende per dictum magistrum Georgium anexam ad dictam cuvam et ad murum factum per magistrum Bertolam
Unexpected architectural terms in CroALa: quadrato lapide¶
(31) Matija Vlačić Ilirik (Matthias Flacius Illyricus, before 1581): QUADRATIS lapidibus aedificare, est splendide ac superbe aedificare.
To build quadratis lapidibus means to build sumptuously and magnificently
Classical sources for quadrato lapide¶
Vitruvius 2.7: sequitur ordo de lapidicinis explicare, de quibus et quadrata saxa et caementorum ad aedificia eximuntur copiae et comparantur.
Next comes the consideration of stone-quarries from which quadrata saxa and supplies of rubble to be used in building are taken and brought together.
Vitruvius 2.8: de nonnullis monumentis, quae circa urbem facta sunt e marmore seu lapidibus quadratis intrinsecusque medio calcata
This we may learn from several monuments in the environs of the city, which are built of marble or lapidibus quadratis, but on the inside packed with masonry between the outer walls
Livius 6.4: Eodem anno, ne privatis tantum operibus cresceret urbs, Capitolium quoque saxo quadrato substructum est, opus vel in hac magnificentia urbis conspiciendum.
That same year, that the City might not grow in private buildings only, the Capitol was provided with a substructure saxo quadrato, a work which even amidst the present splendours of the City is deserving of remark.
Curtius Rufus 5.1 (the Hanging Gardens of Babylon): Super arcem, vulgatum Graecorum fabulis miraculum, pensiles horti sunt, summam murorum altitudinem aequantes multarumque arborum umbra et proceritate amoeni. Saxo pilae, quae totum onus sustinent, instructae sunt: super pilas lapide quadrato solum stratum est patiens terrae, quam altam iniciunt, et humoris, quo rigant terras
Still above the tower (of Babylon), and commonly deemed, in Grecian fabulous account, as a miraculous work, are the hanging gardens, equaling in height the summit of the walls, and rendered delightful by the shade and tallness of many trees. The square pillars which support the whole weight are built of stone: and upon these square pillars the flooring is formed lapide quadrato, of strength sufficient to bear the earth thrown deep upon it, and the moisture of the watering of the trees
Seneca ep. 11.86 (Scipio's villa): Vidi villam extructam lapide quadrato, murum circumdatur, silvae, turres quoque in propugnaculum villae utrimque subrectas, cisternam aedificiis ac viridibus subditam, quae sufficere in usum vel exercitus posset, balneolum angustum, tenebricosum ex consuetudine antiqua; non videbatur maioribus nostris caldum nisi obscurum. Magna ergo me voluptas subiit contemplantem mores Scipionis ac nostros.
I have inspected the house, which is constructed lapide quadrato; the wall which encloses a forest; the towers also, buttressed out on both sides for the purpose of defending the house; the well, concealed among buildings and shrubbery, large enough to keep a whole army supplied; and the small bath, buried in darkness according to the old style, for our ancestors did not think that one could have a hot bath except in darkness. It was therefore a great pleasure to me to contrast Scipio's ways with our own.
Plinius Maior nat. 36.19 (Labyrinths): Sepultus sub urbe Clusio, in quo loco monimentum reliquit lapide quadrato quadratum
Porsena was buried beneath the city of Clusium, in the spot where he had had constructed a square monument, built lapide quadrato
Frontinus de aq. 2.124: proximos ductus, id est qui a septimo miliario lapide quadrato consistunt, maxime custodiendos
I think no one will doubt that the greatest care should be taken with the aqueducts nearest to the City (I mean those inside the seventh mile-stone, which consist lapide quadrato), both because they are structure of the greatest magnitude, and because each one carries several conduits
Plinius Minor ep. 10.37 (to Trajan): Manent adhuc paucissimi arcus: possunt et erigi quidam lapide quadrato, qui ex superiore opere detractus est; aliqua pars, ut mihi videtur, testaceo opere agenda erit, id enim et facilius et vilius.
Sir, the people of Nicomedia spent 3,329,000 sesterces upon an aqueduct, which was left in an unfinished state, and I may say in ruin, and they also levied taxes to the extent of two millions for a second one. This too has been abandoned, and to obtain a water-supply those who have wasted these enormous sums must go to new expense. I have myself visited a splendidly clear spring, from which it seems to me the supply ought to be brought to the town as indeed they tried to do by their first scheme - by an aqueduct of arches, so that it might not be confined only to the low-lying and level parts of the city. Very few of the arches are still standing; some could be built lapide quadrato which were taken from the earlier work, and part again, in my opinion, should be constructed of brick, which is both cheaper and more easily handled
Biblical sources for quadrato lapide¶
Isaias 9:10: Lateres ceciderunt, sed quadris lapidibus aedificabimus; sycomoros succiderunt, sed cedros immutabimus.
The bricks are fallen down, but we will build quadris lapidibus: they have cut down the sycamores, but we will change them for cedars.
Iudith 1:2: aedificavit civitatem potentissimam, quam appellavit Ecbatanis, ex lapidibus quadratis et sectis
he built a very strong city, which he called Ecbatana, of lapidibus quadratis and hewed: he made the walls thereof seventy cubits broad, and thirty cubits high
Amos 5:11: Idcirco, pro eo quod diripiebatis pauperem, et praedam electam tollebatis ab eo, domos quadro lapide aedificabitis, et non habitabitis in eis
Therefore because you robbed the poor, and took the choice prey from him: you shall build houses quadro lapide, and shall not dwell in them
Quadrato lapide in CroALa¶
Authors: Diversi Cipiko, Marulić, Pribojević, Vrančić, Didak Pir, Vlačić Ilirik
CroALa (8): quadrato lapide (Cipiko 1477; Marulić 1503–1510, 1510–1517; Pribojević 1525 / 1532; Vrančić 1553)
CroALa (4): quadratis lapidibus (Pribojević 1525 / 1532; Vrančić 1553; Vlačić Ilirik 1581)
CroALa (1): quadrato saxo (Didak Pir 1563)
CroALa (2): quadro lapide (Marulić 1480–1520)
CroALa (7): quadris (Diversi 1440; Marulić 14580–1520; Vlačić Ilirik 1581)
Conclusions¶
In CroALa, certain architectural terms carry emotional overtones as well. The authors were generally not architects; they learned architectural terms not only from technical classical writers, but also from the Vulgate, from a number of fascinating passages, and from Renaissance reference sources. Some of the authors were innovative in their use of architectural terms. A search for architectural terms in a Neo-Latin text collection thus turns up unexpected emotions, unexpected sources, and unexpected senses.